The Resurgence of Menthol Tobacco in Post-Ban Markets

Author: R&D Team, CUIGUAI Flavoring

Published by: Guangdong Unique Flavor Co., Ltd.

Last Updated: Jul 09, 2026

WhatsApp & Telegram: +86 189 2926 7983

Menthol Tobacco Vape

Introduction: The Menthol Paradox

In April 2021, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) announced a proposed rule to ban menthol as a characterizing flavor in cigarettes — a decision that, had it been implemented, would have affected approximately 18.5 million U.S. menthol cigarette smokers, the majority of whom are Black American adults, according to the American Lung Association. In February 2025, the FDA withdrew that proposed rule under the new administration, citing a reconsideration of regulatory priorities.

This political reversal illuminates a far larger story that is playing out across global markets simultaneously: the complex, contested, and commercially consequential resurgence of menthol tobacco character in the post-ban vaping era. While menthol cigarettes have been banned across the European Union (since May 2020), Canada (since 2018), and the United Kingdom (since May 2020), menthol-flavored e-liquids occupy an entirely different regulatory space — one that has allowed the menthol tobacco experience to survive, adapt, and in many markets, accelerate its growth in electronic form.

For e-liquid flavor manufacturers and brand developers, understanding the menthol tobacco landscape in 2025 and beyond requires simultaneous mastery of regulatory intelligence, flavor chemistry, consumer psychology, and market strategy. This comprehensive technical and commercial analysis, authored by the R&D team at CUIGUAI Flavoring (Guangdong Unique Flavor Co., Ltd.), provides that integrated perspective.

1. The Regulatory Landscape: A Patchwork of Bans, Exemptions, and Contradictions

The global regulatory treatment of menthol tobacco is astonishingly fragmented. No two major markets share identical menthol policies, and the divergence between cigarette regulations and e-liquid regulations in the same jurisdiction creates a landscape that is simultaneously restrictive and permissive in ways that defy simple characterization.

1.1 The EU Tobacco Products Directive: Menthol Cigarettes Out, E-Liquid Complexity In

The European Union’s Tobacco Products Directive (TPD/2014/40/EU) banned menthol as a “characterizing flavor” in cigarettes and roll-your-own tobacco products from May 20, 2020. This was the most sweeping menthol tobacco prohibition to date, affecting 27 EU member states simultaneously and displacing an estimated 50 million menthol cigarette users in Europe.

However, the TPD’s application to e-liquids is significantly more nuanced. The directive restricts characterizing flavors other than tobacco in e-liquids — but several member states interpret “characterizing flavor” differently when applied to menthol in the context of tobacco-containing or tobacco-adjacent e-liquid formulations. In practice:

• Pure menthol e-liquids (no tobacco character) are treated as characterizing flavors and restricted in several EU member states including Hungary, the Netherlands, and Finland.
• Menthol-tobacco blend e-liquids — where menthol reinforces rather than replaces the tobacco character — occupy a regulatory gray zone that has been interpreted differently across member states.
• The European Commission has been conducting ongoing review of flavor restrictions under the TPD revision process (TPD3), with a final decision on harmonized flavor standards still pending as of mid-2026.

1.2 The United States: A Fragmented Federal-State Patchwork

The U.S. menthol regulatory story in 2025 is simultaneously the most complex and most commercially significant of any major market. At the federal level:

• FDA’s proposed menthol cigarette ban was withdrawn in February 2025, effectively halting federal action on combustible menthol products indefinitely.
• FDA authorized four menthol-flavored e-cigarette products in June 2024 — the first flavored e-cigarettes to receive formal market authorization under the PMTA process — signaling a regulatory position that menthol in vapor form may be sufficiently beneficial to adult smokers to justify authorization.
• According to research published in PMC (PMC13089908), “US federal law has prohibited sales of flavored cigarettes other than menthol since 2009, but this policy does not restrict flavors in other tobacco products” — a legal distinction that has structured the entire market evolution.

At the state level, the picture is more restrictive. California’s expanded flavor tobacco law (effective January 2025) banned products that produce a “cooling sensation” — a formulation specifically targeting WS-23 and similar cooling agents used in menthol-adjacent e-liquids. According to Truth Initiative research (August 2025), e-cigarette sales declined significantly in California following the law’s implementation, but simultaneously cross-border purchases and online sales to California consumers increased, illustrating the market displacement dynamics common to prohibition environments.

1.3 Global Market Snapshot: Where Menthol Tobacco Vaping Thrives

Global Menthol Vape Map

2. Consumer Psychology: Why Menthol Tobacco Demand Is Structurally Resilient

The persistence of menthol tobacco demand in the face of regulatory restriction is not merely a compliance story — it reflects deep psychological and physiological mechanisms that make the menthol tobacco experience uniquely compelling to a large segment of adult consumers.

2.1 The Neuromodulatory Effect of Menthol on Tobacco Satisfaction

Menthol interacts with TRPM8 (Transient Receptor Potential Melastatin 8) cold receptors in the oral mucosa, respiratory tract, and skin. This receptor activation produces the characteristic cooling sensation — but its neurological effects extend significantly beyond simple temperature perception:

• Menthol directly modulates nicotine receptor desensitization at TRPV1 receptors, effectively prolonging the pharmacologically active window of each puff and increasing the subjective satisfaction of nicotine delivery.
• Menthol’s anesthetic effect on throat sensory receptors reduces the harshness perception of tobacco smoke and vapor, lowering the irritation threshold and making high-nicotine formulations more tolerable for new users.
• The cold-sensation from TRPM8 activation creates a distinctive “freshness” perception that fundamentally alters how consumers relate to the tobacco character underneath — making cigarettes or e-liquids feel “cleaner” and “less harmful” than their unflavored equivalents.

This neuromodulatory interaction between menthol and nicotine is one reason why menthol tobacco users typically exhibit stronger product preferences and are more likely to resist cessation than non-menthol tobacco users. From a product development perspective, it also means that menthol-tobacco e-liquid profiles carry inherently superior consumer retention characteristics compared to unflavored or non-menthol alternatives.

2.2 The Ban-Induced Migration Pattern

A predictable and well-documented pattern occurs when menthol cigarettes are banned in a given jurisdiction: displaced menthol smokers seek the closest available alternative, rather than transitioning to unflavored products or ceasing tobacco use entirely. Research from the post-ban environments in the EU and Canada demonstrates three primary migration routes:

• Route 1 — Legal cross-border purchasing: EU consumers have been documented traveling to non-EU countries to purchase menthol cigarettes (Switzerland, Serbia, North Macedonia) for personal use.
• Route 2 — Illicit trade: The European Tobacco Control Organization has documented significant increases in illicit menthol cigarette supply in several EU member states following the 2020 ban, with counterfeit products estimated to represent 5–12% of the effective market in some countries.
• Route 3 — E-liquid migration: The most commercially significant displacement route — menthol cigarette users adopting menthol-flavored e-cigarettes and vaping products. This is the migration pathway that creates the primary opportunity for e-liquid manufacturers.

This “ban-induced migration” pattern creates a structural, long-duration demand driver for menthol-tobacco e-liquid products in post-ban markets. The EU’s menthol cigarette ban displaced an estimated 50 million users — a population many times larger than the existing EU e-cigarette user base in 2020. Even a 5–10% conversion rate from displaced menthol smokers to e-cigarettes creates multi-billion dollar revenue potential for the e-liquid category.

3. The Chemistry of Menthol Tobacco E-Liquid: Formulation Science

Creating e-liquid formulations that authentically replicate the menthol tobacco experience — while remaining within regulatory bounds and performing consistently across diverse device types — requires sophisticated understanding of both menthol and tobacco flavor chemistry.

3.1 L-Menthol: The Non-Negotiable Core Compound

L-Menthol (l-Menthol, (1R,2S,5R)-2-Isopropyl-5-methylcyclohexanol) is the biologically active enantiomer of menthol that produces the characteristic cooling sensation through TRPM8 activation. It is the irreplaceable chemical foundation of any authentic menthol tobacco e-liquid profile. Key technical specifications for e-liquid grade L-Menthol:

• Purity: ≥99.5% optical purity (l-form); racemic menthol produces inferior flavor and weaker cooling sensation at equivalent concentration
• FEMA GRAS status: FEMA 2665; widely approved for food and flavor use; inhalation safety profile extensively documented in tobacco research literature
• Typical usage rate in e-liquid: 0.2–3.0% in the finished e-liquid, depending on intensity of desired cooling and compatibility with the tobacco base
• Solubility: L-Menthol is more soluble in PG than VG; high-VG bases (>80%) may experience crystallization at concentrations above 1.5%. Pre-dissolve in PG at 50°C before incorporation.
• Thermal stability: excellent under standard coil vaporization conditions; decomposes above 200°C but typical vaping temperatures (150–200°C) produce minimal degradation

3.2 Tobacco Base Construction: Authenticity Without Combustion

The tobacco character in a menthol tobacco e-liquid must be constructed entirely from food-grade flavor compounds — no actual tobacco extract, nicotine alkaloids from unprocessed leaf, or combustion byproducts. The challenge is reproducing the multidimensional sensory complexity of cured tobacco leaf using approved flavor molecules:

The complete tobacco base formula — combining these seven character dimensions in carefully calibrated proportions — provides the sensory foundation onto which the menthol character is layered. The key formulation principle is that the tobacco base must be sufficiently robust to remain perceptible through the menthol cooling sensation, yet not so intense as to conflict with the clean freshness that menthol consumers expect.

3.3 The Menthol-Tobacco Integration Ratio: Finding the Perfect Balance

The ratio of menthol intensity to tobacco character depth is the single most critical formulation decision in menthol tobacco e-liquid development. Consumer research across multiple markets consistently identifies three distinct consumer preference segments:

• Heavy Menthol Preference (HMP): consumers who primarily want menthol cooling with tobacco as a background note. Target: 2.0–3.0% L-Menthol in e-liquid; tobacco base at 30–40% of the flavor concentrate. Typical of former Newport or Camel Crush users.
• Balanced Menthol-Tobacco (BMT): the largest segment; consumers who want clear menthol cooling reinforced by genuine tobacco character. Target: 1.0–2.0% L-Menthol; tobacco base at 45–55% of concentrate. Former Kool or Salem users; strong preference in EU post-ban demographics.
• Tobacco-Forward Menthol (TFM): consumers who want primarily tobacco character with menthol as a refreshing modifier. Target: 0.3–0.8% L-Menthol; tobacco base at 60–70% of concentrate. Typical of transitioning cigar or pipe users; dominant in Middle Eastern markets.

As detailed in our comprehensive technical resource, WS-23 vs. Menthol: Which Cooling Agent Works Better in Vape Flavor?, formulating for each of these segments also requires different decisions about whether to supplement L-Menthol with cooling agent alternatives — WS-23, WS-3, or Icilin — to achieve the target cooling intensity without modifying the flavor character of the tobacco base.

Menthol vs WS-23 Compare

4. Post-Ban Regulatory Navigation: Formulating for Compliance Across Markets

The fragmented global regulatory landscape for menthol e-liquids requires a market-specific formulation strategy that allows manufacturers to serve multiple jurisdictions from a coordinated product architecture without maintaining entirely separate formulations for each market.

4.1 The “Characterizing Flavor” Test and Menthol Threshold Calculations

Under EU TPD and analogous frameworks globally, the central regulatory question for menthol e-liquids is whether menthol constitutes a “characterizing flavor” — defined as a clearly perceptible flavor or aroma other than tobacco, resulting from an additive or combination of additives. The standard methodology for this determination in the EU involves analytical and sensory evaluation against defined thresholds.

Key regulatory concentration thresholds in key markets:

• EU: No specific numerical menthol limit established; characterizing determination based on sensory panel assessment (ISO 13301 methodology). Menthol above approximately 0.1% in the finished e-liquid is typically considered characterizing.
• UK (post-Brexit): Follows similar characterizing flavor framework to EU TPD; regulatory guidance from the MHRA applies.
• US (FDA): No specific threshold established; PMTA process evaluates whether the product’s flavor profile is appropriate for protection of public health.
• China (GB 41700-2022): The national standard permits menthol-tobacco blended products where tobacco is the characterizing flavor; pure menthol e-liquids may be treated differently.

4.2 The “Cooling Sensation” Regulatory Expansion

California’s 2025 extension of its flavor ban to cover products producing a “cooling sensation” — not just products with menthol as a declared ingredient — represents a significant regulatory evolution that affects WS-23, WS-3, Icilin, and other synthetic cooling agents that had previously been used to replicate menthol effects without the explicit menthol label.

This “cooling sensation” regulatory approach is being watched closely in Europe, where several member states are considering similar functional definitions rather than ingredient-specific bans. For e-liquid manufacturers, this creates two strategic implications:

• Formulations relying on WS-23 or other cooling agents as a menthol substitute for regulatory purposes may face the same restrictions as menthol itself in expanding jurisdictions.
• The tobacco base character — rather than the cooling modality — may need to become the primary product differentiator, with cooling as a secondary element that can be adjusted by market.

This regulatory trajectory is precisely why understanding tobacco character construction (Section 3.2) is increasingly important — brands that have invested in genuinely complex, authentic tobacco profiles will be more resilient to cooling agent restrictions than those whose products are primarily ice/cooling constructs with thin tobacco character.

4.3 PMTA Strategy: How FDA’s June 2024 Menthol Authorizations Shape the US Market

The FDA’s June 2024 authorization of four menthol-flavored e-cigarette products — the first flavored e-cigarettes to receive PMTA approval — has had profound implications for the US market and for global regulatory precedent. The FDA’s determination that these four menthol products satisfy the “appropriate for the protection of public health” (APPH) standard under the Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act establishes several critical precedents:

• Menthol flavor in e-cigarettes can be demonstrated to benefit adult smokers as a harm-reduction tool at a population level.
• PMTA success for menthol products depends on showing both direct adult benefit (smoker switching) AND acceptable youth appeal risk mitigation — a dual burden that requires sophisticated market research and pharmacological evidence.
• Products not on the FDA-authorized list but remaining on the market without PMTA filing face enforcement risk. The FDA has signaled increased enforcement action against unauthorized menthol e-cigarettes.

As our comprehensive regulatory analysis Global E-Liquid Regulations Update and Flavoring Strategy 2025 documents, navigating the US market now requires either a viable PMTA pathway or a clear compliance-by-market strategy that positions products differently in PMTA-required contexts vs. markets where PMTA does not apply.

5. Market Opportunities: Where Menthol Tobacco Vaping Is Growing Fastest

Despite regulatory headwinds in several Western markets, the global commercial picture for menthol tobacco e-liquid is decisively positive. The category is growing in both absolute value and market share across the majority of global e-liquid markets, driven by the confluence of regulatory displacement, consumer preference, and format innovation.

5.1 Southeast Asia: The High-Growth Epicenter

Southeast Asia — comprising Indonesia, the Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam, Malaysia, and neighboring markets — is the fastest-growing region for menthol tobacco e-liquid globally. Several structural factors drive this growth:

• Cultural preference: menthol and mint-tobacco combinations have long-standing cultural acceptance across the region, where menthol cigarettes account for a disproportionately large share of combustible tobacco markets.
• Regulatory permissiveness: most Southeast Asian markets currently permit menthol e-liquids under existing frameworks, with regulatory development significantly lagging the EU/US trajectory.
• Disposable/pod device penetration: the rapid growth of low-cost pod systems and disposable devices in SEA creates a massive consumer base for pre-filled menthol tobacco pods and closed systems.
• Price sensitivity: SEA consumers are highly price-sensitive; the relative affordability of menthol e-liquid vs. premium imported menthol cigarettes makes vaping an attractive alternative.

5.2 Middle East and GCC: Premium Menthol Tobacco as a Status Product

The Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) markets — Saudi Arabia, UAE, Kuwait, Qatar, Bahrain, and Oman — represent a high-value, rapidly growing opportunity for premium menthol tobacco e-liquid. The profile of GCC e-liquid consumers is distinctly different from Western markets: higher disposable income, preference for premium positioning, cultural familiarity with tobacco products, and strong adoption of modern vaping hardware.

Menthol tobacco profiles in GCC markets typically have several distinctive characteristics: high nicotine salt concentrations (35–50 mg/mL), strong menthol intensity (Heavy Menthol Preference segment dominates), tobacco character derived from Middle Eastern tobacco varieties (Turkish/Oriental tobacco notes rather than American Virginia profiles), and premium packaging positioned as a luxury consumer product.

5.3 East Asia: Japan, South Korea, and China

East Asian markets offer distinct sub-regional dynamics:

• Japan: The dominant format is Heated Tobacco Products (HTP), where IQOS and similar devices use tobacco sticks rather than e-liquid. Menthol is the most popular HTP flavor variant. For e-liquid manufacturers, Japan represents a smaller direct opportunity but an important reference market for HTP-adjacent menthol tobacco formulation.
• South Korea: Menthol tobacco is also the leading flavor in both cigarettes and HTPs. E-liquid market is growing but faces regulatory development; formulations must align with Korean Ministry of Food and Drug Safety guidelines.
• China: Domestic e-cigarette market regulated under GB 41700-2022, which permits tobacco and menthol-tobacco flavored products but restricts pure menthol. CUIGUAI Flavoring’s proximity to this regulatory environment provides direct expertise in formulating for Chinese market compliance.

6. Advanced Formulation Strategies: Engineering Menthol Tobacco for the Post-Ban Era

6.1 Nicotine Salt Optimization for Menthol Tobacco E-Liquids

The interaction between nicotine form and menthol character significantly affects both consumer satisfaction and regulatory positioning. Nicotine salt formulations (benzoate, lactate, or tartrate salts) provide several advantages for menthol tobacco e-liquids:

• Reduced harshness allows menthol’s throat impact to be the primary sensory “hit” signal, creating a more authentic menthol tobacco sensation at high nicotine concentrations
• Faster nicotine absorption rate aligns with the accelerated TRPM8 response to menthol — creating a unified “rush” sensation that mirrors combustible menthol cigarette delivery
• pH compatibility: nicotine salt e-liquids typically have lower pH than freebase, which may slightly modify menthol’s TRPM8 activation kinetics — this interaction should be tested empirically at target formulation pH

Recommended nicotine salt concentrations by market segment:

• EU market (where compliant): 20 mg/mL maximum under TPD; nicotine benzoate preferred for reduced harshness
• US market: 35–50 mg/mL for closed pod systems; 20–35 mg/mL for refillable pods
• Asia-Pacific: market-specific but typically 30–50 mg/mL for pod devices; some markets permit higher concentrations

6.2 The Cooling Agent Portfolio Beyond Pure Menthol

In markets where menthol concentrations face regulatory pressure, or where the objective is to modulate the cooling profile without altering the tobacco character, supplementary cooling agents provide important formulation tools. Our comprehensive analysis of the cooling agent hierarchy — WS-3, WS-5, and WS-23 — in advanced e-liquid formulation provides the detailed technical framework. In summary:

• WS-23: odorless, intense cooling without mint character; can amplify L-Menthol’s cooling at lower menthol concentrations, potentially reducing the “characterizing menthol flavor” while maintaining cooling intensity — useful in markets with menthol-adjacent restrictions
• WS-3: mild cooling with slight minty character; works synergistically with L-Menthol to create a “fresh mint-tobacco” rather than “ice-tobacco” profile; preferred for Balanced Menthol-Tobacco and Tobacco-Forward Menthol consumer segments
• Icilin (IcilTM): high-potency cooling agonist; provides intense, long-lasting cooling at very low concentrations (0.001–0.01%); no minty character; useful in markets where “cooling sensation” language must be minimized

Note on California and “cooling sensation” regulations: all cooling agents — including WS-23, WS-3, and Icilin — may be encompassed by the broad language of California’s 2025 regulation. Formulations intended for California distribution should be reviewed against the specific regulatory text and legal counsel obtained.

6.3 Tobacco Character Layering: The “Natural Tobacco Sensation” (NTS) Approach

As regulatory attention intensifies on cooling agents, authentic, complex tobacco character becomes the primary product differentiator. The “Natural Tobacco Sensation” (NTS) approach — developed by CUIGUAI Flavoring’s R&D team — focuses on building genuinely multi-dimensional tobacco profiles that create consumer satisfaction independent of cooling intensity:

• Tier 1 (Instantaneous): pyrazine-driven roasted top note that delivers immediate tobacco recognition on inhale
• Tier 2 (Mid-Palate): furfuryl alcohol / furaneol combination providing the natural sweetness of cured tobacco leaf
• Tier 3 (Throat): eugenol trace providing warming depth that mirrors combustion-derived spice character
• Tier 4 (Exhale): phenylacetic acid and phenylethyl alcohol providing the floral-aromatic exhale character of quality Virginia leaf
• Tier 5 (Aftertaste): beta-damascone trace providing the lingering, slightly woody, dried-rose aftertaste of aged tobacco

This five-tier architecture produces tobacco character that evolves through the full vaping experience — creating a complexity that menthol alone cannot provide, and that significantly enhances consumer loyalty compared to single-note tobacco profiles. It is also significantly more regulatory-resilient: even if cooling agents face restrictions, the underlying tobacco character remains a complete, satisfying product.

7. Quality Control and Production Standards for Menthol Tobacco Concentrates

7.1 Raw Material Specifications

The quality of a menthol tobacco e-liquid concentrate is fundamentally determined by its raw material inputs. Key specifications for professional-grade production:

7.2 Shelf-Life and Stability of Menthol Tobacco Concentrates

Menthol tobacco concentrates present specific shelf-life challenges that require active management:

• L-Menthol sublimation: at room temperature, L-Menthol slowly sublimes from the liquid concentrate into the headspace. High-menthol concentrates stored in inadequately sealed containers can lose 10–15% of menthol content over 12 months. Use: nitrogen-blanketed, hermetically sealed containers; HDPE or glass preferred over standard PET for high-menthol concentrates.
• Tobacco compound oxidation: the pyrazine and furanone tobacco base compounds are susceptible to oxidative degradation, producing “stale” off-notes. Control: antioxidant system (BHT at 0.01% or food-grade tocopherol); DO <200 ppb in concentrate.
• Eugenol ester formation: trace eugenol can esterify with alcoholic components in the concentrate over time, producing clove-ester off-notes. Control: pH monitoring; temperature-controlled storage (≤20°C).

All CUIGUAI Flavoring menthol tobacco concentrates carry a validated 24-month shelf life under the specified storage conditions of 5–25°C, sealed, away from UV light — confirmed by our standard accelerated stability protocol (40°C/4 weeks for 6-month equivalent, followed by real-time 12-month verification).

8. Conclusion: Menthol Tobacco in the Post-Ban Era — A Category That Will Not Stay Banned

The title of this article poses a historical question that the evidence unambiguously answers: menthol tobacco has not been eliminated by regulatory bans — it has been transformed, migrated, and in many markets accelerated by them. The regulatory displacement of menthol cigarette users across the EU, UK, and Canada created one of the largest involuntary markets for menthol e-liquids in history. The FDA’s June 2024 authorization of menthol e-cigarettes in the US has created a regulatory foundation for the category’s legitimacy in the world’s most scrutinized market. And across Asia, the Middle East, and Africa, menthol tobacco remains the dominant growth driver in vaping without significant regulatory impediment.

For e-liquid manufacturers and brand developers, the message is clear: investing in genuinely authentic, chemically sophisticated, regulatory-compliant menthol tobacco e-liquid formulations is not a defensive strategy against regulatory risk. It is an offensive growth strategy in one of the most durable and commercially significant flavor categories in the global e-liquid industry.

The winners in the post-ban menthol tobacco market will be those who combine regulatory intelligence (understanding what is permitted where and for how long), flavor science excellence (building tobacco profiles complex enough to stand independently of cooling agents), and manufacturing quality (delivering batch-consistent concentrates that meet the documentation standards of FDA, TPD, and GB 41700-2022 simultaneously). That is precisely the capability that CUIGUAI Flavoring brings to every B2B collaboration.

Menthol Tobacco Products

── Technical Exchange & Free Sample Request ──

Build Your Post-Ban Menthol Tobacco Line with CUIGUAI

Whether you are developing a new menthol tobacco e-liquid collection, seeking regulatory compliance documentation for FDA PMTA, EU TPD notification, or Chinese GB standard submission, or looking for a reliable OEM flavor concentrate partner — our R&D team is ready. We offer GC-MS-verified menthol tobacco samples, custom tobacco base development, regulatory documentation packages, and first-project consultations at no charge.

Phone / WhatsApp: +86 189 2926 7983

Email: info@cuiguai.com

Website: www.cuiguai.com

WhatsApp Direct: wa.me/8618929267983

Free samples available to qualified B2B buyers globally. Regulatory documentation support included.

References & Authority Citations

[1] U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). “FDA Withdraws Proposed Rules for Menthol Cigarettes and Flavored Cigars.” February 2025. Available at: fda.gov/tobacco-products.

[2] American Lung Association. “What’s Happening With Menthol Cigarettes and How Does It Affect Health?” June 2025. Available at: lung.org/blog/whats-happening-with-menthol-cigarettes.

[3] PubMed Central (PMC). “E-Cigarette Flavor Restrictions’ Effects on Sales and Use.” PMC ID: PMC13089908. 2025. Available at: pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13089908/

[4] Truth Initiative. “E-cigarette and Cigarette Sales Decline After California Law.” August 1, 2025. Available at: truthinitiative.org/research-resources/emerging-tobacco-products/

[5] Public Health Law Center. “A Closer Look at the FDA’s Authorization of Four Menthol E-Cigarettes.” July 1, 2024. Available at: publichealthlawcenter.org/commentary/240701/

[6] European Commission. Tobacco Products Directive 2014/40/EU — Menthol Ban Implementation. Available at: ec.europa.eu/health/tobacco/products/